The Neurobiology of Parkinsons Disease Essay - 1531 Words

The Neurobiology of Parkinsons Disease In neuroscience it is assumed that the central nervous system governs and defines all aspects of behavior (Grobstein, 1998). Therefore, the brain, the hub of the central nervous system, is responsible for integrating all sensory and motor patterning. To understand the mechanisms of neurobiology it is often useful to observe the nervous system at the level of the neuron. Integration and communication between neurons is facilitated by neurotransmitters, chemicals which act as intermediaries at the synaptic gap (Delcomyn, 1998). Many behavioral disorders have a neurochemical basis, oftentimes associated with abnormal neurotransmitter activity. These abnormalities are thought to stem from†¦show more content†¦The National Parkinsons Foundation estimates that each PD patient pays $2500 a year on medicines alone. When accounting for Social Security and nursing home payments, Parkinsons Disease costs over $5.6 billion annually to the nation (PD Web, 1998). Despite the high occurren ce of Parkinsons, it is still not always recognized as a significant medical problem. The symptoms are often ignored in the elderly because they are thought to be part of the natural process of aging (PD Web, 1998). Symptoms include tremors in hands, arms, legs, jaw, and face; slowness of movement, or bradykinesia, and difficulties in balance and coordination. As the chronic disease progresses, PD patients may have difficulty with simple tasks, such as walking and talking (PD Web, 1998). Much of the oversight of PD in medical research, and of other neurodegnerative diseases associated with elderly populations, like Alzheimers, could be a reflection of a dismissive attitude towards the aging process in the medical community and American culture. The primary symptoms of Parkinsons Disease stem from the deterioration of the part of the brain that controls motor functioning (NHGRI, 1998). This region is the substantia nigra which is found deep within the brain stem and contains neuronomelanin, pigment cells, which synapse to cells of the striatum. The striatum is responsible for balance, control of movements, andShow MoreRelatedA Red Shifted Variant Of Channelrhodopsin Allows Deep Transcranial Optogenetic Excitation770 Words   |  4 Pageswill assist in providing background information regarding transcranial options for the use of chronic studies. Little, S., Brown, P. (2014) Focusing Brain Therapeutic Interventions in Space and Time for Parkinson’s disease. Current Biology 24, 898-909. A good understanding of what Parkinson’s disease is, and what brain mechanism are involved is crucial to try to create a treatment. Three different approaches to create high spatiotemporal targeting are presented, one of them being optogenetics. HoweverRead More Fetal Neural Transplantation in the Treatment of Parkinsons and Huntington1532 Words   |  7 PagesTwo Diseases, One Hope: Fetal Neural Transplantation in the Treatment of Parkinsons and Huntingtons Disease Parkinsons Disease (PD) and Huntingtons Disease (HD) are neurodegenerative diseases that are caused by malfunctions within the motor sector of the nervous system. These malfunctions, which are caused either by the surplus (as in HD) or absence (as in PD) of hormones, are a direct result of neural cell deterioration within the brain. PD and HD illustrate two very different behavioralRead MoreEssay about What is Parkinsons Disease?1415 Words   |  6 PagesParkinson disease is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting primarily the patient’s motor function. The disease is characterized by rigidity, tremor at rest, bradykinesis, and decreased postural reflexes (Bollinger, Cowan, LaFontaine, Ronai, 2012). Parkinson disease was largely documented and brought to the forefront by James Parkinson, who published an article discussing the condition in 1817 (Lees, 2007). While great strides in understanding and treatment have been made, Parkinson disease is stillRead MoreDisease Analysis: Parkinsons Disease1665 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Parkinsons disease (PD) was first described on 1817 by James Parkinson (Dauer Przedborski, 2003). PD is a progressive neuromuscular disorder. It has an average age of onset of about 55 years of age. The lifetime prevalence rate is about 0.15 percent, but the incidence of PD increases as people get older (American Psychiatric Association, 2004). The vast majority of PD cases are labeled as sporadic Parkinsons disease (cause unknown) but about five percent of PD cases are inherited (Dauer Read MoreThe Role Of Bioenergetics On Disease And Use Of Small Molecule Therapeutics Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pages Role of Bioenergetics in Disease and use of Small Molecule Therapeutics Name Institutional Affiliations Role of Bioenergetics in Disease and use of Small Molecule Therapeutics Introduction The study of bioenergetics includes and not limited to study of biological membranes incurred in energy conversion and transfer. In particular, the study concentrates on structures acquired using X-ray craystallography, molecular mechanisms of the photosynthesis processes, bacteriaRead MoreLaboratory Of Neural Systems, Decision Science, Learning And Memory ( Nsdslm )1017 Words   |  5 Pagescued switching task. The results of this initial project indicated that the role the LHb plays in cognition goes beyond an anti-reward signal and may in fact be responsible for many impairments observed in diseases that affect the structure and function of the LHb including Parkinson’s disease, depression and addiction among others (Hikosaka et al, 2008; Lecca et al, 2014). The previous work raises many questions about how and in what instances the LHb contributes to cognitive flexibility in generalRead MoreThe Need for More Medications for Dementia967 Words   |  4 Pagesdeveloping disease in one year) of Alzheimer’s disease appears to increase dramatically with age, from approximately 53 new cases per 1,000 people age 65 to 74, to 170 new cases per 1,000 people age 75 to 84, to 231 new cases per 1,000 people age 85 and older (the â€Å"oldest-old†). The incidence of Parkinson’s disease is about one-tenth that of Alzheimer’s disease [4]. 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It is applied to chemistry, cognitive science, engineering, mathematics, linguistics and more. Scientists say that neuroscience is identical as neurobiology but there is a difference between the two conceptions. Neurobiology focuses mainly on the biology of the nervous system and neuroscience emphasizes on any portion of the nervous system. Neuroscientis ts have various fields of study that include cellular, functional, computationalRead MoreMicroglial and Neurological Disorder2037 Words   |  9 Pageshomeostasis maintenance to support brain integrity. Credited to these roles, emerging evidence implicates microglial as key player that executing both beneficial and detrimental effects in various CNS-related neurological disease including neurodegeneration, neoplastic disease as well as neural development disorders. Emerging evidence implicates microglial play critical roles to the CNS development of the brain. Microglial are unique population arise from immature yolk-sac macrophages that migrate

The Invention Of Thomas Edison Essay - 1662 Words

Thomas Edison is probably one of the world greatest inventors and largest contributors to the modern world we live in. Think of the world where candles were used more than light bulbs and there was no way to listen to music without it being live, or watching a motion picture movie. It seems impossible to have a world without these things but if Edison did not invent the footing for these objects they might not exist. Edison one of the most accomplished inventors to ever exist, with over one thousand patents and groundbreaking inventions. Thomas Edison’s inventions have changed the world, almost 85 years after his death Thomas Edison’s inventions run our city’s lasting light bulbs to see in the dark a power grid to power our homes. Edison is probably on of the greatest inventors not because of his thousands of patents but his determination and hard work to help innovates and experiment towards a better future, and help engineer a better tomorrow. Furthermore, Thom as Edison is a great inventor because of his many amazing inventions and how the still apply to our lives today. For example, his phonograph and carbon microphone built the basis for audio recorders for music and audio for movies. Edison’s motion picture camera is used throughout the world today for filming movies and television shows and a variety of other things. Edison’s dedication to inventing solutions to relevant problems made him a great innovator then and now. Thomas Edison’s inventions have lived beyond hisShow MoreRelatedThe Invention Of Thomas Edison Essay1383 Words   |  6 PagesImagine a world where ideas and inventions are stolen off each other with no legal consequences. Imagine a world where Samsung wasn’t sued by Apple because legally, there is no penalty for stealing designs. Imagine a world where Alexander Graham Bell or Thomas Edison wasn’t famous for their inventions because someone else had stolen their ideas and created the inventions publicly first. This is what the world would have been like without the use of patents. Patents ensure that no idea is stolen,Read MoreThe Invention Of Thomas Edison1227 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Edison was a great businessman who held over one thousand patents for his amazing, tremendously life changing inventions. His entrepreneurship began when he was only twelve years old, when he began to sell his self-published newspaper to the people who passed by him, at the â€Å"Grand Trunk Railroad.† At this same exact railroad, he set up a lab and began experimenting with chemicals. At the age of twenty-two he moved to New York, where he worked on his version of the stock ticker. Edison seemedRead MoreThe Invention Of Thomas Edison2485 Words   |  10 PagesDuring the 1800’s, many inventions were made by Thomas Edison. 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Some of the main inventions that changed the world are the electric light bulb, phonograph and movie camera and projector and much more(Jenkins 1). Thomas Edison is well known for his invention of electricity but he has made many more contributions to society. Edison was born on February 11, 1887 in MalianRead MoreSong Cover Designer : By Thomas Edison s Invention Of The Gramophone1756 Words   |  8 PagesAlbum Cover Designer About: The world of music was changed in the late 1800s with Thomas Edison’s invention of the gramophone. Since then the technology used to play and record music has evolved, starting first on cylinders, then to records, cassette tapes, compact discs and now digital files. The first record album covers were first designed in the 1930’s. While the size and format of ‘album covers’ continues to change, the visual design that goes with recorded music remains important. TheRead MoreThe Invention Of The Light Bulb1299 Words   |  6 PagesHave you ever wondered who invented the light bulb? Well here is some history on the inventor Thomas Alva Edison. Thomas was on February 11, 1847 in Milan, Ohio. He did many great inventions during his life. I will tell you later on in the paper about some of his inventions. In 1844- His family moved to Port Huron, Michigan, where Edison attended public school for only a total of 12 weeks. He was pulled out of the public school and home schooled due to being called a hyperactive child.Read MoreThe Wizard of Menlo Park and the Master of Lighting Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesThomas Edison and Nikola Tesla were two of the most influential minds of the 1800s. Edison, the Wizard of Menlo Park, worked hard his whole life to achieve great feats in science. Tesla, the Master of Lightning, had a brilliant mind and contributed to an electronic growth that changed American history. 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Using an Experimental Technique free essay sample

Another chemical commonly used is ethanol in the aseptic technique and this too was varied in the amount of time the seeds were soaked before being placed in varying times and concentrations of the sodium hypochlorite. Ultimately, in order to use the barley seeds we need have a sterilization technique that can eliminate majority of fungal contamination while not harming the germination of the chosen seeds. I propose an experimental idea to eliminate fungal contamination from barley seed germination. Materials and Methods Aseptic Technique The working area was sprayed down completely with 95% Ethanol before the seeds were used.The forceps used to transfer the seeds from liquid to media were sterilized using the ethanol. Seed Sterilization Procedure Using aseptic techniques 20 barley seeds obtained from the paper bag kept in the fridge were transferred into sterile distilled water and let to sit in a drawer for 20 hours overnight before being transferred to 100% bleach with a drop of dish liquid (Inatomi and Slaughter, 1971). We will write a custom essay sample on Using an Experimental Technique or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The seeds were soaked in the bleach for a total of 2 hours before being dipped in sterile distilled water and placed on Petri dishes with minimal media and placed in a growth chamber.The germination of the seeds was monitored for 7 days for any fungal contamination. Results After 3 days the seeds were germinating (13 out of 20) and there was no visible evidence of fungal growth. 5 Days: there were no contaminants. 7 Days: no contaminants. || 3 Days seed growth. No contaminants. |3 Days seed growth. No contaminants. | || 5 Days seed growth. No contaminants. |5 Days seed growth. No contaminants. | Discussion Fungal contaminations can be a problem when trying to germinate seeds and a successful experiment is needed to sterilize the barley seeds for further experimentation.I proposed a sterilization experiment for barley seeds and had success with 65% germination and 0% fungal growth. This sterilization technique could provide a good beginning point to begin other experimentation on germination success of barley seeds, without the hassle of fungal contamination to destroy possible results. The overnight soak in the water forced the fungal spores to begin germinating and thereby making it possible for the 2 hour bleach soak to become more effective in eliminating the fungus and other contaminants from the seed coat.The few seeds which did not germinate could have had too much bleach penetration and therefore killed these seeds, however the success was more beneficial than the failure, and so this novel sterilization technique was effective in its elimination of fungal contaminations while providing a good germination rate of the barley seeds. Literature Cited K. Inatomi and J. C. Slaughter. 1971. The Role of Glutamate Decarboxylase and Aminobutyric Acid in Germinating Barley. J. Exp. Bot. 22:561-571.

Zigbee Essay Example

Zigbee Essay A typical IEEE 803. 15. 4-based, ZigBee-complaint device is shown in figure 1. [pic] Figure 1. Typical 802. 15. 4/ZigBee Device that has included antenna, RF data modem, applications processor, all necessary passive and 16MHz crystal about 15x40mm – Courtesy Freescale Semiconductor. The ZigBee Alliance released their specification to the public in June 2005, and since then the playing field has become much simpler for product designer who want to their sensor or control application. An open and growing industry group of more than 180 companies from product/system OEMs to application developers to semiconductor companies, the Alliance has worked hard to provide a technology that takes best advantages of the robust IEEE STD 802. 15. 4 short-range wireless protocol, adding flexible networking, strong security tools, well-defined application profiles, and a complete interoperability, compliance and certification program to ensure that end products designed for residential, commercial and industrial spaces work well and network information smoothly. Need of ZigBee: There are a multitude of standards that address mid to high data rates for voice, PC LANs, video, etc. However, up till now there hasn’t been a wireless network standard that meets the unique needs of sensors and control devices. Sensors and controls don’t need high bandwidth but they do need low latency and very low energy consumption for long battery lives and for large device arrays. There are a multitude of proprietary wireless systems manufactured today to solve a multitude of problems that also don’t require high data rates but do require low cost and very low current drain. We will write a custom essay sample on Zigbee specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Zigbee specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Zigbee specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer These proprietary systems were designed because there were no standards that met their requirements. These legacy systems are creating significant interoperability problems with each other and with newer technologies. The ZigBee Alliance is not pushing a technology; rather it is providing a standardized base set of solutions for sensor and control systems. The physical layer was designed to accommodate the need for a low cost yet allowing for high levels of integration. The use of direct sequence allows the analog circuitry to be very simple and very tolerant towards inexpensive implementations. The media access control (MAC) layer was designed to allow multiple topologies without complexity. The power management operation doesn’t require multiple modes of operation. The MAC allows a reduced functionality device (RFD) that needn’t have flash nor large amounts of ROM or RAM. The MAC was designed to handle large numbers of devices without requiring them to be â€Å"parked†. The network layer has been designed to allow the network to spatially grow without requiring high power transmitters. The network layer also can handle large amounts of nodes with relatively low latencies. Network Feature: While ZigBee supports a variety of network topologies, including star, mesh and cluster networks, mesh networking is a fundamental and differentiating attribute to ZigBee’s design. In fact, mesh network support is so integral to ZigBee’s value proposition that the name is based on the ZigBee Principle; the zigzag path of bees that serves to signal a new food source to other members of the colony. The bees’ survival depends on the continuous communication of information between every member of the colony. A mesh network is comprised of a network coordinator or master device and can connect up to 65,000 network nodes, serving as full-function devices (FFD) or reduced-function devices (RFD). A full-function device (FFD) carries full 802. 15. 4 functionality and all features specified by the standard. Its computing power makes it well suited for a network router function. A reduced-function device (RFD) is generally used at the network edge. All of these devices can be no more complicated than a transceiver, a simple 8-bit MCU and a pair of AAA batteries. Through a series of redundant pathways, a signal initiated from a sensor or node on the network seeks out the closest connection for routing data and allows for either a single hop to the master device or multiple hops to successfully conclude its data transmission. The continuous flow of communication exacted by a mesh network topology provides the reliability required for wireless-based connectivity of remote monitoring and sensing controls. By providing multiple pathways for data to travel, a mesh network eliminates the single point of failure scenario and affords a transparent recovery of a network node. Designed to be highly adaptive and scalable, the ZigBee specification allows a new device or network node to be added and adjusts to the addition through a simple request to the master device. Low power consumption, simply implemented. Users expect batteries to last many months to years! Consider that a typical single family house has about 6 smoke/CO detectors. If the batteries for each one only lasted six months, the homeowner would be replacing batteries every month! Bluetooth has many different modes and states depending upon your latency and power requirements such as sniff, park, hold, active, etc. ZigBee/IEEE 802. 15. 4 has active (transmit/receive) or sleep. Application software needs to focus on the application, not on which power mode is optimum for each aspect of operation. Even mains powered equipment needs to be conscious of energy. Consider a future home with 100 wireless control/sensor devices, ZigBee devices will be more ecological than its predecessors saving megawat ts at it full deployment. Low cost (device, installation, maintenance). Low cost to the users means low device cost, low installation cost and low maintenance. ZigBee devices allow batteries to last up to years using primary cells (low cost) without any chargers (low cost and easy installation). ZigBee’s simplicity allows for inherent configuration and redundancy of network devices provides low maintenance. High density of nodes per network. ZigBee’s use of the IEEE 802. 15. 4 PHY and MAC allows networks to handle any number of devices. This attribute is critical for massive sensor arrays and control networks. Simple protocol, global implementation. ZigBee’s protocol code stack is estimated to be about 1/4th of Bluetooth’s or 802. 11’s. Simplicity is essential to cost, interoperability, and maintenance. The IEEE 802. 15. 4 PHY adopted by ZigBee has been designed for the 868 MHz band in Europe, the 915 MHz band in N America, Australia, etc; and the 2. 4 GHz band is now recognized to be a global band accepted in almost all countries. ? Technical data: |1. |Carrier frequency |2. 4 GHz | |2. Micro-controller |8 bit | |3 |Power Consumption |30 (W (sleep) | | | |6 mW (micro controller active) | | | |60 mW (radio active) | |4. Range (node to node, outside) |125 m | |5. |Data Rate |250 kbps | |6. |Operating Temperature Range |-20 to +70(C | |7. |Size (of PCB) |33x55mm2 | Operating Frequency: |Frequency |Band |Coverage |Data Rate |# Channels | |2. 4Ghz |ISM |Worldwide |250Kbps |16 | |818Mhz |   |Europe |20Kbps |1 | |915Mhz |ISM |Americas |40Kbps |10 | ZigBee Network Model: [pic] ZigBee Stack: [pic] ? Application: ZigBee networks consist of multiple traffic types with their own unique characteristic, including periodic data, intermitted data and repetitive low latency data. The characteristics of each are as follows: * Periodic data- usually defined by the application such as a wireless sensor or meter. Data typically is handled using a beaconing system whereby the sensor wakes up at a set time and checks for the beacon, exchanges data and goes to sleep. * Intermitted data- either application or external stimulus defined such as a wireless light switch. Data can be handled in a beaconless system or disconnected operation, the device will only attach to the network when communication is required, saving significant energy. *Repetitive low communication data- uses time slot allocation such as a security system. These applications may use the guaranteed time slot (GTS) capability. GTS is a method of QoS that allows each device a specific duration of time as defined by the PAN coordinator in the Superframe to do whatever it requires without contention or latency. Market Opportunities: ZigBee is the only standards-based technology designed to address the unique needs of low-cost, low-power, wireless sensor networks for remote monitoring, home control, and building automation network applications. Within the residential control market, intelligent sensors will provide greater control of lighting, heating, cooling, watering, appliance-use and security systems from anywhere in the home. With greater automation of home control systems, homeowners can adjust their environment to run more efficiently, reducing utility costs. Homeowners will be able to buy off-the-shelf products and be assured that they’ll work together in their networked environment. Because ZigBee is well suited for applications that require low power, such as light switches and sensors, it can operate using standard off-the-shelf batteries for months, years or even decades. Homes equipped with ZigBee-based networks will make it easy for builders, contractors, and home-supply manufacturers to reconfigure heating, lighting, and security systems to accommodate additions and the remodeling of kitchens, bathrooms and other property-value–enhancing projects. Developers for building automation can take advantage of the ZigBee specification to build and deploy wireless monitoring networks that help to centralize the management of lighting, heating, cooling and security systems and provide the flexibility to reconfigure systems quickly and ost-effectively to adjust for individual or tenant changes within a building structure. While initially focused on the home automation and building automation market segments, ZigBee has the potential to be a key driver in enabling the broad-based deployment of wireless networks for a variety of market segments including industrial automation and controls, automatic meter reading, personal health-care–monitoring devices, PCs and peripherals, supply-chain and logistics management, and other future market segments. ? ZigBee v/s Bluetooth: Bluetooth seems best suited for: Synchronization of cell phone to PDA Hands-free audio PDA to printer @ While ZigBee is better suited for: †¢ Controls †¢ Sensors †¢ Lots of devices †¢ Low duty cycle †¢ Small data packets †¢ Long battery life is critical @ Air Interface comparison: ZigBee Bluetooth Peak Information Rate Peak Information Rate ~128 Kbit/second ~108-723 Kbit/second @ Power consideraion: ZigBee Bluetooth # 2+ years from ‘normal’ batterie# Power model as a mobile phone (Regular daily charging) Designed to optimize slave# Designed to maximize ad-hoc Power requirements functionality ? Conclusion: ZigBee devices can quickly attach, exchange information, detach, and then go to deep sleep to achieve a very long battery life. ZigBee devices have a real potential to solve the challenge of bringing simple, effective wireless connectivity to low-rate sensors and control devices at an effective cost. ? Bibliography: 1. www. zigbee. org 2. www. frescales. com/zigbee 3. www. silabs. com/zigbee 4. www. google. com. 5. IEEE network magazine – [pic]