Free Essays on Dying to have a Family

Summary of Nancy Gibbs’s â€Å"Dying to have a Family† In â€Å"Dying to Have a Family,† Nancy Gibbs explains her view on genetic screening for early-onset Alzheimer’s disease in unborn children. For readers of Time magazine, Gibbs debates if it is just to â€Å"tinker† with the genetics of unborn children in hopes for saving them from the traumatic decline of the brain by their late 40’s. Gibbs also bring up the question if it would be humane to bring a child into the world knowing they aren’t going to be around to see their child grow old. Gibbs view is that it is a persons right to bring another person into the world, and any mother would want their child to live a long and healthy life. If we continue to alter our genetics, what are the limits? The news of a child born with immunity to early-onset Alzheimer’s disease sparked this debate on genetic screening. â€Å"By prescreening her eggs for the defective gene, doctors were able to insert only healthy embryos during in-vitro fertilization†. Gibbs explains that now specialists can prevent a child from a deadly disease, but tomorrow will it be screening embryos for baldness or tone deafness? This is an ever-controversial debate that is based more on ethics than science. Gibbs believes that having a child is one of life’s greatest experiences, but wonders if is it humane to bring a child into the world if the mother isn’t going to be there because she will die at an early age. †Does a shortened life expectancy make a woman more unfit for motherhood?† This is a tough question that needs to be compared to when Saul Bellow was celebrated when he became a father at the age of 84. When children are adopted, there are rules and regulations to become parents, but there aren’t any rules for those who are making the babies. Gibbs stresses that a mother would give anything for the opportunity to bring a healthy baby into the world. The solution to the problem is u... Free Essays on Dying to have a Family Free Essays on Dying to have a Family Summary of Nancy Gibbs’s â€Å"Dying to have a Family† In â€Å"Dying to Have a Family,† Nancy Gibbs explains her view on genetic screening for early-onset Alzheimer’s disease in unborn children. For readers of Time magazine, Gibbs debates if it is just to â€Å"tinker† with the genetics of unborn children in hopes for saving them from the traumatic decline of the brain by their late 40’s. Gibbs also bring up the question if it would be humane to bring a child into the world knowing they aren’t going to be around to see their child grow old. Gibbs view is that it is a persons right to bring another person into the world, and any mother would want their child to live a long and healthy life. If we continue to alter our genetics, what are the limits? The news of a child born with immunity to early-onset Alzheimer’s disease sparked this debate on genetic screening. â€Å"By prescreening her eggs for the defective gene, doctors were able to insert only healthy embryos during in-vitro fertilization†. Gibbs explains that now specialists can prevent a child from a deadly disease, but tomorrow will it be screening embryos for baldness or tone deafness? This is an ever-controversial debate that is based more on ethics than science. Gibbs believes that having a child is one of life’s greatest experiences, but wonders if is it humane to bring a child into the world if the mother isn’t going to be there because she will die at an early age. †Does a shortened life expectancy make a woman more unfit for motherhood?† This is a tough question that needs to be compared to when Saul Bellow was celebrated when he became a father at the age of 84. When children are adopted, there are rules and regulations to become parents, but there aren’t any rules for those who are making the babies. Gibbs stresses that a mother would give anything for the opportunity to bring a healthy baby into the world. The solution to the problem is u...

Come to Pass

Come to Pass Come to Pass Come to Pass By Maeve Maddox A common English idiom is â€Å"come to pass†: to come to pass: to happen, take place in the course of events, come about, occur, be fulfilled. Here are some correct uses of the expression: all things, good and bad, come to pass. It shall come to pass. Don’t give up on your God-given dreams. it seems slow, do not despair, for these things will surely come to pass. Lately, I’ve noticed an odd distortion of this idiom into â€Å"goes to pass†: Love remember who comes 1st in your life, everything goes to pass, but Gods spirit will always surround usAmen! Most of the time, the first thought that comes is of that everything goes to pass, if everything goes to pass, we will eventually be merging with 3SA. I have done as much as I can to make sure people dont get evicted from our ceremony venue, and that everything goes to pass without riots. These examples come from forums, inspirational blogs, and blog commentscontexts in which nonstandard English is well-represented. However, I found an example of a similar distortion on a page that has the Quaker Oats logo at the top. This one uses â€Å"goes to pass† as if it meant simply â€Å"pass,† or â€Å"come to an end.† The writer may have been thinking of the expression, â€Å"fads/fashions come and go†: Like most people Im sure youve struggled with maintaining your weight and eventually the latest craze and health trend goes to pass without much success. ESL learners need to be aware that â€Å"goes to pass†in any contextis not standard English. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative ConflictWhat is Dative Case?Words Often Misspelled Because of Double Letters

I'm sending you two articles could you please use them only, extract Essay

I'm sending you two articles could you please use them only, extract the info and write about Non Lipid Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Flow basis Markers - Essay Example While the classical view of IHD has been the accumulation of plasma lipids and other sedimentary substances (plaques) on arterial walls, diminishing the lumens by large percentages till serious impediment to blood flow occurs that lead to the pathological condition. There are also other factors that progressively weaken and rupture arterial walls and also seriously affect blood flow (Libby, 2006). The principal predictive potential to assess degrees of progression towards cardiovascular disease is assaying the levels of these risk factors in the blood. These factors are consequently called biomarkers and since they generally affect blood flow to the heart they are also called flow basis biomarkers. This paper is assessing the predictive values of some non-lipid biomarkers. Biomarkers capable of predicting cardiovascular risk are generally categorised into eight groups - 'inflammatory markers, markers for plaque erosion and thrombosis, lipid-associated markers, markers of endothelial dysfunction, myocardial injury or dysfunction markers, oxidative stress, metabolic markers and markers of neovascularisation' (Cooke, 2006). Common lipid biomarkers are low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol including oxidised LDL cholesterol, small dense LDL cholesterol, lipoprotein and lipoprotein-associated phosphol

Online Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Online Assessment - Essay Example RESPONSE 1 Samba Bank uses two Cialdini weapons of influence (Polanski 1-6), which includes reciprocity and scarcity intentionally. Notably, reciprocity dictates that whenever we receive value, we get an impulse to give value back (Cialdini 3-8). Indeed, in some cases, we may even get inspired to give back more value than we received. Indeed, whenever we receive value free in the marketing, it is for impelling reciprocity. Hence, we have so many promotions, discounts, and gifts in the market to trigger us into buying more (Cialdini 3-8). In the case of Samba bank, this weapon applies where the bank hospitalizes customers with expensive kinds of coffee, dates, and chocolates, which get customers satisfaction. The reciprocity effect is that the bank will maintain its customers and encourage them to do more transactions. As branch manager, I also use this weapon mostly when dealing with a customer who is out of the country and his time deposit has matured. I seek to satisfy such custome rs when they call the bank for a renewal instead of following the formal paper work process of renewal. As such, I renew their accounts over the phone and wait for their signatures until they come. Hence, I satisfy their needs with an aim of maintaining them and gaining reciprocity when they return. Moreover, I unfreeze customers’ accounts while they are abroad if the cause to freeze was a simple issue like expiry of their ID. In this way, the customers will be able to use the account while travelling and update their ID when they return. This results to reciprocity as such customers invest in the bank for a long time. I also ensure that customers seeking business loans get the money within a short time with an aim of gaining reciprocity when their businesses grow. Scarcity is other weapon used in Samba bank to derive a perception that a financial product or service is limited or diminishing thus, creating more demand for the product (Cialdini 199-207). Indeed, the scarcity w eapon creates promotions, which seemingly end at a certain time but actually never ends. They only encourage more sales at the end of the promotion time (Cialdini 199-207). In Samba bank, there are random offers to attract more customers to the bank or increase the cash flow. Indeed, the bank offers a chance for customers to deposit smaller amounts than normal to upgrade their accounts. For example, the bank allows customers to upgrade from the Blue to Gold segment on depositing only $ 25000 instead of the normal $75000. This compels customers to deposit in their accounts with money from other banks thus increasing Samba’s cash flow. Moreover, the bank offers the customers a chance to enjoy free credit card life at no annual fee for a short period. This attracts new customers to the benefit of the bank. RESPONSE 2 Samba bank uses various marketing strategies that relate to the concepts/theories in Ariely’s Predictably Irrational book. Such concepts include the cost of zero cost concepts and the power of price concept. The concept of cost of zero cost implies that humans consider losses and profits before purchasing but when something is free, customers do not consider the losses (Ariely 50-56). Indeed, customers get the perception that the product on offer has more value than its face value. Indeed, people would wait for long to get a free thing (Ariely 49-54). As such, this concept is very powerful in triggering customer’

DBQ Reconstruction Essay Example for Free

DBQ Reconstruction Essay The union victory in the Civil War gave four million slaves their freedom, but reuniting the South with the North introduced a new set of significant challenges. The Congress Reconstruction were the efforts to establish and protect citizens rights of freedom. Democrats led to the failure of the Congress Reconstruction by forgiving those who participated in the Civil War who were still in favor of slavery and inequality. This act of Amnesty led to three major obstacles for reconstruction: the emergence of the Ku Kux Klan, the development of black codes, and the Compromise f 1877. The emergence of the Ku Kux Klan was one of the main contributors to the failure of the Congress Reconstruction, leaving open spots for other major events that brought completely down the reconstruction. On November 23, 1868, in Tennessee, General George Thomas explained that the purpose of the Ku Kux Klan was to allow the Southern people that participated in the Civil War to come in union with those who had abandoned the thought of inequality. This gave them the advantage to bring back inequality and kill black men. (Document 2). By forgiving these Southern people, illing freedmen became easy. These people that were being forgiven had the same mentality from before the war, which was involved with the approval of slavery and the inequality there should be because black men werent like white men. Kenneth Stampp, a history professor form the University of California at Berkeley, expressed himself in The Era of Reconstruction, 1865-1877 about how in May 1872, the Congress developed an Amnesty act to reestablish the right to vote for the majority of those Southerners that had been forgiven. (Document 3). Giving the right to vote to these eople, put the reconstruction in danger. The right of voting allowed Southerners to vote for someone that would still want slavery. Voting for someone with a mentality like that would Just allow slavery back, and thats why The Congress Reconstruction started to fail. Even though the black codes were created with the purpose of giving freedmen equal rights like white men, the codes werent followed correctly and black men were still being discriminated. The black codes were supposed to follow the 13, 14, and 15th amendment, but they werent quite followed the way it was supposed to. Both black and white men were given the same rights, but everything was separated between races, one was for black men and one for white men, showing discrimination. When the black codes were established, black men became freedmen, but even though these men could start living as freedmen, many decided to stay as slaves. In a compilation of these interviews published by Benjamin Botkin in 1945, John McCoy is quoted as saying, l works for Marse John he says one morningJohn, you can go the government say you is free l didnt know nothing what money was, nohow, but I knows Ill git plenty victuals to eat, so I stays (Document 7). The majority of slaves had been slaves through their entire life. These people didnt know how to live themselves. Black men were ignorants on how to live without being a slave, so many, just like McCoy, decided to stay where they were working so their owners would provide them an easier way of surviving even though they were still working as slaves. In 1935, an African-American historian, Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, published a book of the history of Reconstruction where he wrote, Negros who wanted to work must not dabble in politics. Negroes who wanted to increase their income must not agitate the Negro problem in order to earn living, the American Negro was compelled to give up his political power (Document 6). This excerpt of the book shows how black men where not only being discriminated, but being left out politically too. If black men wanted work being freedmen, then they would have to stay out of the political power. White men were powerful and this is why giving up political power wasnt an option, but a forceful act from the white. Black codes were not being followed, white men always managed to find a way to obtain what they wanted. The reconstruction was failing because nobody was respecting laws anymore, and black men couldnt do anything about it besides remaining quiet and following white mens instructions, which became their only real guarantee of surviving. The Compromise of 1877 was created to decide which candidate should be taken as a winner, either Hayes or Tilden, leading towards a decision that helped the Congress Reconstruction fail. As can be seen in the electoral distribution map from the election of 1876, Hayes won by only one electoral vote and lost the popular vote by 254,235. Document 8). The 1877 Compromise was an agreement to take away Northern troops from the South. This agreement was made due to Tildens request so he would let Hayes win. The removal of Northern troops left freedmen without protection, and became easy targets for Southerners to attack. If Hayes wanted to win, he had to accept the request, so he took away the troops because if not, Tilden would have stayed in the power and done worse acts. In November 4 and 5, 1874, the front-page of New York Times published two headlines that announced how Democrats entered he House of Representatives and convert the Congress to be Democratic as well. (Document 5). These Democratic victories helped undermine Congress efforts to help freedmen by creating laws and acts that followed racism ideas. There was no more hope for the reconstruction at this point. Democrats were taking all the power and black men could not do anything anymore. Being free was not an option anymore, but a far away dream instead. Even though black people were given the opportunity to have some rights and equality, the Congress Reconstruction failed because events such as the creation of he Ku Kux Klan, the construction of the black codes, and the Compromise of 1877, kept their old beliefs of slavery and inequality.

Students That Suffer With ADD Should NOT Be Placed In Specialized Class

Should Students that Suffer with ADD Be Placed in Specialized Classes? Many adults and caregivers do not know what Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) is and therefore do not know how to properly care for those children. They believe that because their children have ADD, they will not be able to learn or succeed in a normal class with other normal students. The truth is that only 1 out of every 35 students with ADD need additional help outside of the classroom because they are not sufficiently learning in it(Cowan). Many teachers and parents believe that putting children with ADD in specialized classes will help them to overcome their problems and become more successful in the classroom, but instead it will slow down their learning process, slow down their social skill development, and it will also teach them that they can use ADD as an excuse in other areas in their life(Child Development Institute). Attention Deficit Disorder is a disorder that is growing daily. In the 1920's only one out of every eight children, since then that number steadily increasing by the year, now one in every three children suffers from ADD(Cowan). Attention Deficit Disorder is a condition that causes people to have problems learning, behaving and even getting along with others. People that are diagnosed with ADD usually struggle with one or more of these common symptoms. The first symptom is inattention, which is where they will have problems with focusing in on one thing at a time, or paying attention for any amount of time. People that are inattentive have serious problems with distractions. This can severely affect a student in a classroom. Every little thing that goes on in that classroom gets their attention, whether it is from a child talking, som... ...Parent and Teacher Ratings of ADHD Symptoms: Psychometric Properties in a Community-Based Sample" Journal of Critical Child Psychology. 1991, Vol. 20, No. 3, Pages 245-253 Kraus, Jeanne. Cory Stories: A Kid's Book about Living with ADHD. Washington D.C.: Magination Press. 2005 Lavoie, Richard. It's So Much Work to be Your Friend. New York: Touchstone. 2005 Miller, Steve Dr. and Dr, Bernard Valman. Children's Medical Guide. London: DK. 2002 Nadeau, Kathleen G, and Ellen B. Dixon. Learning to Slow Down and Pay Attention. Washington D.C.: Magination Press. 2005 Roseman, Bruce M.D., A Kid Just Like Me. New York: The Berkley Publishing Group. 2001. Rotner, Shelly and Sheila Kelly Ed.D. The A.D.D. Book for Kids. Connecticut: The Millbrook Press, Inc. 2000 Umansky, Warren, Ph.D., and Barbara Steinberg Smalley. AD/HD: Helping Your Child New York: Warner Books Inc. 2003

Strength of Association

Strength of Association In research. Several principles have been shown to affect the strength of association between stimuli. Based on your own experiences in learning, provide an example of each of the following principles of association: contiguity, frequency, and intensity. Select one of your examples. Describe how a deferent principle of association might explain this example. Contiguity- Association by contiguity refers to the belief that our ideas, memories and experiences are link together when Is frequently experienced with the other, because tit contiguity the closer in time two events occurred. He more likely or strongly they would be associated. (Lieberman, 2012). When I was a little girl I would get into my mother's makeup and use her lipstick to draw on the bathroom wall. This upset my mother so she told me to stop doing this, but oddly enough I continued. As time went on she to spank me and say No when I did this, but when she would wake up and tint the bathroom walls clean tort my art work she would smile and say good girl. Then she would reward me with markers and other art supplies.I began to understand that if did what she said she would be happy and think I was a good girl and I would get art supplies for my good behavior. Frequency- With frequency this is an event or situation that would happen repeatedly. The frequency of association states that the more often two or more things occur together the more they will be associated together. An example that comes to mind Is that as a teen my mother would wake me up early In the morning everyday, which Is pretty hard, but In doing so she would get me a French vanilla cappuccino.I begin to feel every time I wake up n the morning I would get my lovely French vanilla cappuccino. I associated mornings and I guess my mother with a coffee beverage. Intensity- With intensity it involves stimuli. It is associations involving emotional or traumatic events. It occurs when I see places from the past that re mind me of a traumatic event. Trauma and memory form a generalization of fear as stimuli, which resembles those present during a traumatic event. (Lessee, Rabin, Heeler, Laughing, Garage, Pine, ; Grilling, 2010). When AAAS II years old my hip slipped out of place and AAAS in so such pain.I had been diagnosed for hip dysphasia. I was in tears form the pain that had increased over the previous year. By time got to the hospital was at my worst and I was put in the waiting room form six in the morning to 12 in the afternoon, before I was seen, then had x-rays done. By six in the evening I was fed up with the hospital and the staff and just wanted to go home, but I was forced to stay for emergency surgery the next mooring. After this situation I never really liked going to the hospital, because It reminds me of the pain I felt as a child.With my first example I would say it could fall into frequency, because the more I did one thing the more I did one thing such as drawing on the wall I would get spanked. So because of the frequency of the two together I begin to associate one with the other due to it happening do often. Reference Lieberman, D. A. (2012). Psychology of learning. San Diego, CA: Bridgeport Education ‘ Off C. (2010). Personalization of conditioned fear as a pathogenic marker of panic disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(1), 47-55. Retrieved from the Protest database.

Theoretical Considerations Regarding Hazards And Risks Environmental Sciences Essay

The cognition of natural and technological hazards is of the extreme importance for carry oning hazard and impact appraisal surveies, every bit good as land usage planning and exigency response planning. This whole mechanism significantly contributes to the society ‘s sustainable development. For the overall comprehension of this issue, it is extremely relevant to specify the repeating constructs of this work, viz. jeopardy and hazard.The jeopardy constructTo get down with, a short ethimological analysis of the word â€Å" jeopardy † is necessary. This term has been taken by the Gallic from Arabic, where it means dice game ( Mac and Petrea, 2002 ) . Harmonizing to the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 2010, † jeopardy † means â€Å" something that may be unsafe, or cause accidents or jobs † . In 1992, the United Nations International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction secretariat published a multilingual lexicon so as to clear up and unite the significances of such footings. In this dictionary, jeopardy is defined as â€Å" a baleful event or the possibility for a phenomenon with destructive potency to look in a individual part and in a given period of clip † . Another definition is offered by the Grand Larousse Dictionary, volume V, cited by ZA?voianu and Dragomirescu in 1994: â€Å" accidental and, by and large, unforeseeable interface between two or more causal series, whose common dealingss are purely defined in every minute and whose comparative independency can merely be attributed to our ignorance and impotence † . Scheidegger, 1994, cited by ArmaAY , 2003 defined jeopardy as â€Å" the chance of rapid alteration of a system ‘s province or stable conditions † . In 1997 Grecu defined this construct as â€Å" the possibility that a potentially annihilating phenomenon appears in a certain period of clip and in a certain part. † In 1999 Octavia Bogdan and Elena Niculescu specify jeopardy as â€Å" a random phenomenon on a big graduated table, unpredictable, a deficiency of finding between clip and infinite, a qualitative lap, a threshold in the system ‘s development, downloading immense energy and doing upset, instability on the natural environmental development ‘s graduated table, in its manner towards a new province of equilibrium † . In 2000 Ozunu defines the construct under treatment as aˆza state of affairs with the potency of an accident † ; in 2001, BA?lteanu states that jeopardy is aˆza endangering event, stand foring the possibility for a potentially detrimental phenomenon to go on. † Harmonizing to him, harm to people, goods and the environment occur. Alexander, 2000, cited by Thywissen, 2006, defines hazard as aˆzan utmost geophysical event that can do a catastrophe. aˆsExtreme ‘ refers to an either positive or negative characteristic, harmonizing to the tendency it is related to. The jeopardy ‘s cardinal properties are: location, clip, magnitude and frequence. Many utmost phenomena are perennial in clip and predictable in footings of location. We define hazard as an utmost event arising from the biosphere, lithosphere, hydrosphere or atmosphere. † Mac, 2003, considers hazard as aˆzthe beginning of an utmost event with energy discharge in a certain minute and with a instead unforeseeable magnitude. In fact, jeopardy can be referred to as aˆza phenomenological class that refers to objects and phenomena ( air multitudes, H2O, lithomass, biomass, people, twisters, epidemics, temblors, avalanches etc. ) , to their actions ( inundations, clay flows, landslides, illness etc. ) every bit good as to their characteristics † ( Mac, 2003 ) . In 2003, Cardona, cited by Thywissen, 2006, offers another definition of the term: aˆzthe possibility for a natural and unsafe event to go on in a certain clip and infinite † . Generally, the construct of jeopardy is used to mention to a latent danger or to an external hazard factor of a system or exposed capable. A jeopardy is composed of three basic elements ( C. A. Ericson, 2005 ) : 1. Dangerous belongings – the basic beginning of the danger that creates the jeopardy, i.e. a unsafe energy beginning etc. 2. Initiation mechanism – the event that triggers or initiates the happening of the jeopardy, transforming the jeopardy from a inactive province to an active 1. 3. Target and menace – the individual, object, state of affairs vulnerable to damage caused by the materialisation of the jeopardy. These three elements compose the jeopardy trigon shown in figure 2.1: Figure 2.1 – The jeopardy trigon ( C. A. Ericson, 2005 ) The jeopardy trigon illustrates that all three above mentioned are interlinked. All three constituents are necessary in order to organize a jeopardy. The remotion of one portion of the trigon consequences in the riddance of the jeopardy, because it can non take to an incident. By extenuating the induction mechanism the chance of the incident to happen is reduced, and accordingly by extenuating an component of the unsafe belongings or mark and menace the badness of the incident will be reduced. These theoretical facets and categorization prove to be important in any undertaking refering jeopardy designation, extenuation, and hazard and impact appraisal. The basic construct of jeopardy theory can be summarized as follows ( C. A. Ericson, 2005 ) : Hazards are deterministic entities and non a random 1s ; Hazards are constituted accidentally in systems ; Hazards are predictable and hence can be controlled and prevented ; Hazards can be identified by their constituents ; Hazards will happen taking history of the constituents involved ; Hazards consequence in incidents. One of the term ‘s most recent definitions is the 1 offered in 2009 by the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction Secretariat: â€Å" a unsafe phenomenon, substance, human activity or status that may do loss of life, hurt or other wellness impacts, belongings harm, loss of supports and services, societal and economic break, or environmental harm. † As it can be noticed from the above-named definitions, jeopardy is characterized through certain parametric quantities, such as geographical location, strength ( magnitude ) , frequence and its chance to go on. In many of these definitions, one can detect the accent lies upon entropy, deficiency of determinacy and capriciousness ( Mac 2003 ) . In order to measure these phenomena ‘s possibility to go on, surveies refering their extreme values are considered. Furthermore, in all these definitions the construct of jeopardy has a instead negative intension, since it implies a certain grade of danger. Hazard can take the signifier of some remarkable phenomena or of some combines 1s, in footings of infinite and clip. Hazard appraisal purposes at identifying: the likeliness of a specified jeopardy to go on in the hereafter, in a certain period of clip, its magnitude and impact country ( Pine, 2009 ) . For the appraisal of certain jeopardies such as inundations, temblors and vents there are good established, predefined methods. The consequences of these ratings are extremely relevant in footings of lucubrating land usage planning schemes and in implementing accident bar steps.Hazard vs. hazardThe term â€Å" jeopardy † is closely related with the term â€Å" hazard † . Not few are the instances when confusion arises between the significances of these two constructs. This is why it is necessary to separate between them. Hazards are phenomena whose manifestations can barely be predicted and controlled. They have negative effects on population and on the environment. Imputing the characteristic of jeopardy to a natural or anthropic phenomenon is non conditioned by the production of mater ial harm or by the being of victims, but by the potency of these effects to go on. ( Baldea, 2007 ) . Merely when that jeopardy or phenomenon exceeds certain critical values, taking to material harm or casualties, does it go hazard. Therefore, a jeopardy is the menace that an event might go on and non the event itself. Should it impact a human community, to a certain extent, it becomes hazard. It must be mentioned that the term â€Å" hazard † is attributed assorted significances, being used in different contexts. Its definitions have societal, economic, political and environmental values. In order to better understand its deductions, a short diachronic analysis is necessary. To get down with, the term under treatment was foremost used in the fifteenth century, when it referred to the trade ‘s fiscal danger ( Proske, 2008 ) . Initially, this construct was associated with economic activities, being so used in the theory of chance and gaming. In the nineteenth century it is integrated in economic system, experiential doctrine and determination theory, whereas in the twentieth century it was used as political term in atomic engineering in order to gauge the degree of security that was acceptable for people. Until the 8th decennary of the old century constructs such as hazard, jeopardy and hazard direction were associated with natural phenomena. Hazard and natural or anthropic jeopardies analysis became an interdisciplinary kingdom of survey with its specific nomenclature merely in the last 30 old ages. The Longman Dictionary for Contemporary English, 2010, defines hazard as â€Å" the possibility that something bad, unpleasant, or unsafe may go on † . In 2007 ISDR defines hazard as â€Å" the combination of the chance of an event and its negative effects † . In 1999 Octavia Bogdan and Elena Niculescu define hazard as â€Å" the existent chance or possibility for a phenomenon to go on † . This event is someway expected and has negative reverberations, in response to which world can merely be inactive. Another definition is offered by Ozunu in 2000: â€Å" the chance that the existing jeopardy turns into an accident † . Alwang, 2001, cited by Thywissen, 2006, defines hazard as â€Å" the possible distribution of some known or unknown events. These are characterized by magnitude, frequence, continuance and history † . In the same twelvemonth, Peduzzi, cited by Brauch, 2005, considers risk aˆza step of possible losingss generated by a jeopardy of a certain magnitude, produced in a certain part and period of clip † . It must be stated that natural events can turn into social hazards when they surpass the immediate capacity of being counteracted or absorbed. They are, in most of the instances, utmost events. An utmost natural event is any event or series of events that shows a fleeting or durable fluctuation as compared to its common values. ( White, cited by ArmaAY , 2003 ) The widely accepted definition of hazard as the merchandise between the chance for an event to go on and the negative effects it may hold is expressed as follows: R= F x C ( Eq. 2.1 ) where: R- hazard ( losses/unit of clip ) , F- frequence of happening ( no. of events/unit of clip ) , C- effects ( losses/event ) . Hazard can besides be defined as â€Å" the chance of human exposure, of semisynthetic goods and of the environment to the action of a jeopardy of a certain magnitude and their exposure towards it † ( BA?lteanu, 2005 ) . For Petrea, 2009, hazard is â€Å" the possibility that some negative effects for human communities or losingss ( human lives, hurts, diminished agencies of subsistence, goods, harm of the environmental constituents ) appear as an interaction between natural or anthorpic jeopardies and territorial exposure † . This expression associates two distinguishable elements, viz. the jeopardy and the receiving system ( in most of the instances, a certain population ) . In most of the instances, the undermentioned expression is used: R= Hazard x Vulnerability ( Eq. 2.2 ) This underlines the relation between an event and its effects. In a certain country, the hazard is comparatively changeless. What differs is community exposure, in footings of its reaction to menaces or its degree of readiness to confront them. Harmonizing to the above-named expression, hazard may match to a high-frequency jeopardy and a low exposure or to a low-frequency jeopardy and high exposure. The disadvantage of this expression is that it does non see the population denseness, i.e. its exposure to hazard. Mitchell, 1990, cited by Brauch, 2005, completes this expression, sing jeopardy as a map of hazard, exposure, exposure and response: Hazard= degree Fahrenheit ( hazard ten exposure x exposure x response ) ( Eq. 2.3 ) where: hazard – the chance that negative effects appear, exposure – the size and characteristics of the open population, exposure – the potency of harm to bring forth and response refers to the enforced steps for hazard decrease. Another definition is given by Ozunu and Anghel in 2007: R = F x C x V ( Eq. 2.4 ) where: R – hazard ; F- frequence ; C – effects ; V- exposure ( – ) . The harm produced as a consequence of a catastrophe is really the consequence of the interaction among physical environmental factors ( clime, H2O, landscape etc. ) , population ( societal categories, civilization etc. ) and the built environment ( edifices, substructure etc. ) ( Mileti, 1999 ) . Therefore, jeopardy can be considered the pre-disaster state of affairs, when hazard does non look. A phenomenon ‘s development has three phases, more precisely: the jeopardy one, when merely hazard appears, the hazard phase, when jeopardy can impact human society and, eventually, the catastrophe. ( Alexander, 1993 ) In decision we can province that there are two types of hazards, viz. an acceptable one, where losingss are tolerable for the population and catastrophe, when losingss can non be tolerated by the local community.Categorization of jeopardies and hazardsAs antecedently mentioned, jeopardies and hazards are defined and characterized in multiple ways. In this chapter, a categorization is presented harmonizing to the most relevant features: beginning, effects, frequence, affected surface, etc.Categorization after beginningThe categorization of jeopardies harmonizing to their beginning is presented in table 2.1: Table 2.1 – Categorization after beginning ( BA?lteanu, 2005 ) :Natural jeopardiesEndogenousVolcanic eruptions, seismicityExogenousClimatic Cyclones, twister, storms, lightning, hail, hoar, drouth, etc. Geomorphologic Mass supplanting, eroding Hydrologic Flash-floods Oceanographic Rise of planetal ocean, El Nino Biological Epidemics, viruses, insect invasionsAnthropogenetic jeopardiesTechnologicalIndustrial, agricultural, transport accidentsHuman( Benedek, 2002 ) Social Poverty, unemployment, urbanisation, life style Medical Infectious, viral, chronic, degenerative diseases Demographic Emigration, population growing, aging of population Political Territorial, political differences2.3.2 Classification harmonizing to the manifestation mannerThe categorization of jeopardies harmonizing to their manifestation manner is presented in table 2.2 ( GoA?iu and Surdeanu, 2008 ) : Table 2.2 – Hazards categorization harmonizing to their manifestationViolent jeopardies– temblors – vents – severe storms, twister, etc. – local storms with hail etc. – catastrophic landslides, avalanchesHazards with progressive development– Mediterranean disturbances ( Mediterranean cyclones with retrograde development )Hazards with slow development– drouth – severe drouth – radiation and vaporization mists2.3.3 Categorization after continuanceHazards can besides be classified harmonizing to their temporal development. Harmonizing to ArmaAY , 2008 the categorization after the continuance of jeopardies is presented in table 2.3: Table 2.3 – Hazards categorization harmonizing to their continuanceWith sudden happening and rapid developmentEndogenous, tectonic jeopardies, sudden mass supplantings, flash – inundationsWith long continuanceTerrain debasement, drouths, desertification2.3.4 Categorization after affected surface, and continuance of effectsHazards can endanger assorted extents of a district. Within the affected surface the effects can prevail for assorted sums of clip. Harmonizing to Chardon, 1990 and Grecu, 1997 a categorization after the affected surface and the continuance of effects is presented in table 2.4: Table 2.4 – Hazards categorization harmonizing to affected surface and continuance of effectsCalamity typeAffected surfaceDuration of effectsExamplesGiga calamity100 – 510 mil. km2 several old ages volcanic eruptionsMega calamity1 – 100 mil. km2 several months big temblors volcanic eruptions tropical drouthsMeso calamity10.000 – 1.000.000 km2 several hebdomads – a few months volcanic eruptions temblors, cold moving ridges tropical stormsCalamity100 – 10.000 km2 a few hebdomads little temblors, twister exceeding rainsLocal phenomenaunder 100 km2 a few yearss – a few hebdomads landslides hail storms The present thesis focuses on the appraisal with optoelectronic engineerings of two major jeopardies from the above mentioned categorizations: Natural jeopardies – volcanic ash by active and inactive remote feeling Technological jeopardies – monitoring and patterning the impact of SO2 emanations associated with big burning workss.NATECH jeopardiesThis thesis focuses both on natural and anthropogenetic jeopardies individually. In order to develop efficient schemes for measuring hazards and impact, the NATECH ( natural jeopardies which trigger technological accidents ) rule is necessary to be considered when measuring either of the two above mentioned types of jeopardy. Current EU ordinances in the field of hazard appraisal and catastrophe direction ( European Commission, 2010 ) stress the necessity of a multi-risk and multi-hazard attack in all natural and anthropogenetic jeopardy and hazard surveies. Therefore, there is a turning involvement in the scientific community and among stakeholders sing natural jeopardies which trigger technological accidents ( NATECHs ) . NATECHs have important negative effects on human wellness, the environment and the economic system. The addition in the figure of such events is closely linked with the exponential technological development of the past decennaries, due to the variegation of engineerings, the turning figure of personal exposed, and the substances used in the technological procedures. The effects of NATECH events have become more terrible within this timeframe chiefly due to the exposure of the population life near these installations. Given these facts, there is an pressing demand for raising consciousness about bar and readiness steps refering these high effect low chance events ( Cruz and Okada, 2008 ) . Due to the complexness of NATECH events, their word picture is instead hard, and many NATECHs are analyzed and assessed as separate natural or technological events ( Embelton and Embelton-Hamann, 1997 ) . One needs to take into history that the effects of such an event differ in complexness from the effects of the two events taken individually ( Cruz and Krausmann, 2008 ) . Therefore, there is a demand for scientific research on the interactions and dealingss between natural jeopardies and technological accidents. Addressing NATECHs requires a combined attempt of industrial and technological hazard direction specializers working together with specializers concentrating on natural jeopardy probes. The specific features of a NATECH event ( Domino impacts, multiple effects ) need specific steps for the bar, response and recovery after such an event. An integrated hazard and impact direction scheme must include the possibility of NATECHs to happen, and necessitate specialised planning for extenuation, response, and recovery ( Ozunu et al. , 2011 ) The Activities Report On the Collaboration Agreement between the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction of the United Nations and the Directorate General Joint Research Center of the European Commission proposes a scheme for the extenuation of NATECH events by: iˆ Industry hazard direction specifically turn toing the possible impacts of natural jeopardies on technological installings. Additional hazard direction processs ( Figure 2.2 ) in order to cut down the exposure to NATECHs: the usage of excess safety systems, natural jeopardy resistant designs, guidelines to inform industry about NATECH planning, and strategic arrangement of risky substances inside a unit. Figure 2.2 – Catastrophe Management processs ( Torok et al. , 2009 ) Efficient Emergency planning, including bar and extenuation, and response planning for NATECHs at all degrees of authorities. The purpose of the Risk Analysis procedure is to cut down uncertainnesss by increasing safety degrees by developing more efficient Emergency Plans, offering immediate determinations, detailed, accurate and steady instructions ( ( Torok et al. , 2009 ) iˆ Land usage planning, as an of import tool for setting-up insularity margins in order to protect occupants populating near risky installations. ( Christou et al.,2006 quoted by Torok et Al. 2011c ) . Article 13 of the SEVESO III Directive ( Directive 2012/18/EU ) provinces that: â€Å" Member States shall guarantee that the aims of forestalling major accidents and restricting the effects of such accidents for human wellness and the environment are taken into history in their land-use policies or other relevant policies † Information and instruction of the populace, authorities bureaus and all stakeholders involved in exigency direction, including decision-makers. iˆ Public engagement in NATECH hazard decrease planning, in order to better understand the perceptual experience of the degree of the NATECH hazard and the degree at which this hazard is considered acceptable ( Ozunu et al. , 2011 )Qualitative and quantitative methods for placing jeopardies and measuring hazardsA systematic designation of possible environmental impacts atmospheric pollutants have, every bit good as a strict analysis of their magnitude is required. The intent of such a procedure can be divided in two major issues, on one manus to bring forth quantitatively accurate appraisal of peculiar hazard and a comprehensive list of possible environmental impacts, and on the other manus produce a principle for doing public policy determinations that is both good reasoned, and recognized as legitimate and acceptable by the socio-economical factors. A complex environmental impact appraisal ( EIA ) and hazard appraisal ( RA ) methodological analysis requires assorted sets of informations about beginning footings, emanations, imissions, exposure, local weather forecasting, terrain informations etc.. Most of the air scattering theoretical accounts have been developed for the anticipation of lee concentration of air pollutants and for the appraisal of short-run and medium-term effects of these pollutants. The quality of consequences obtained utilizing these patterning systems depend largely on the versatility and quality of input informations and the right pick of the theoretical account ( Torok et al. , 2011a ) . In instance of EIA surveies, the medium-term effects appraisal requires emanation and meteoric informations for several months in order to obtain a realistic distribution of the largely contaminated countries. The consequence of the complex terrain on the air motion in the commixture bed is important. Therefore the meteoric information for the modeling period should be calculated sing the air flow above the complex terrain. For RA, the appraisal of immediate effects of ague exposure requires on-site informations for a short clip period. These informations sets must incorporate information about emitted substances ( type and concentration ) every bit good as real-time local meteorological informations, which along with terrain informations can be used in a rapid environmental and risk appraisal, which is a valuable tool for on-site exigency planning in instance of accidental or deliberated releases of toxic substances in the ambiance ( Torok et al. , 2011a ) . In the field of hazard analysis and hazard appraisal there are differences of sentiment sing the usage of qualitative or quantitative hazard analysis methods. The qualitative-quantitative factor is the basic belongings of jeopardies analyses methods. Most of the analysis methods are developed in order to place jeopardies and to find the hazard of that jeopardy turning into an accident. For finding the accident hazard of the identified jeopardy, a methodological analysis for the word picture of chance and magnitude parametric quantities must be used. There were developed both qualitative and quantitative methods, which are successfully used, each methods holding its specific advantages and disadvantages ( Torok et al. , 2011a ) .Qualitative methods used in jeopardy analysisA qualitative analysis implies the usage of qualitative standards, utilizing different classs for parametric quantities separation, with qualitative definition which set up the graduated table for each class. Besides, qualitative determinations are made, based on the field experience, in order to delegate elements into classs. This attack is subjective, but it allows a higher generalisation grade, being less restrictive.2.5.1.1 Designation of jeopardiesThe designation of technological jeopardies is the basic measure in hazard appraisal procedure. Hazards appear in the industry all the clip, due to the procedure and runing conditions of the installings and the physical, chemical and toxicological belongingss of the substances used in these procedures. This is why it is extremely of import to place the substances ‘ risky belongingss and the operating conditions that put at hazard these procedures, the series of events that may take to the materialisation of a jeopardy. In order to develop an in-depth survey of jeopardies and hazard analysis, the risky belongingss of the substances must be identified and assessed in order to find conditions or non they pose a jeopardy to human life, the environment of the technological procedure. From a qualitative point of position this can be achieved utilizing checklists. A comprehensive checklist used in the appraisal of jeopardies and hazards posed by substances is presented in table 2.5: Table 2.5 – Hazardous belongingss of substances- Checklist ( Hyatt, 2003 )TypePropertyGeneral belongingssMolecular construction Freezing point Melting point Vapour force per unit area Boiling temperature Critical force per unit area Critical temperature Critical volume Density Specific heat Viscosity Thermal conduction Fluid denseness Latent vaporisation heat Dielectric invariable Electric conductionFlammabilityExplosion/ Flammability bounds Explosion threshold Auto ignition temperature Minimal ignition energy OverheatingCorrosionCorrosive for building stuffs Incompatibility with other stuffsPolymerizationDecompositionFeatures of polymerisation Features of decomposition Features of hydrolysisImpuritiesImpurities in equipment stuffs Impurities in substanceChemical reactions, detonationsHeat of formation Heat of decomposition Combustion heat Thermal stableness Resistance to impact Potential energy jeopardiesToxicityExposure bounds: IDLH ; ERPG1-2-3 ; AEGL 1-2-3 ; LC50 and LD50 Exposure effects ( inspiration, consumption, tegument and oculus contact ) Effectss of long-run exposure with little sums Warning bounds ( odor threshold )RadiationRadiation bounds I ± , I? , I? atoms Material toxicity It must be stated that stuff toxicity depends on a series of physical and chemical factors, in the type of contact and on the interaction of substances with beings. The ways in which this penetrates the organic structure are assorted, viz. unwritten ( through the oral cavity, in the tummy ) , cuticular ( toxicity enters the tegument ) or by agencies of inspiration ( through the respiratory system ) . The harmful belongingss of risky substances can be divided into the undermentioned classs ( Ozunu and Anghel, 2007 ) : acute toxicity ( really toxic, toxic, harmful, annoying ) specific belongingss ( allergic, carcinogenic, with consequence on reproduction or familial consequence ) with harmful impact on the environment Whereas the first two classs mentioned supra have direct inauspicious consequence on wellness, the last one acts indirectly on human existences by damaging the environment. The harmful actions start when little sums of substances appear in the organic structure ; should larger sums appear, they can take to one ‘s decease. The most normally used indexs to find substance toxicity are ( Torok et al. , 2011c ) : medium deadly dose- LD50 is the dosage at which half of the experimental population of animate beings ( or worlds, should human deceases be registered ) dice. LD50 index at consumption and at the skin degree is shown in milligram ( mgs ) of substance per kg of animate being organic structure, taking into history a individual disposal. the medium deadly concentration – LC50: concentration for inspiration is measured in mgs of substance per litre of air breathed or in volumetric parts per million -ppm ( exposure clip differs depending on substance toxicity ) the immediate unsafe concentration for life and wellness – IDLH is inspiration with irreversible effects on wellness These bounds of concentration are used as indexs in both the US and the EU statute law ( NIOSH, 2012 ) . The bounds of toxicity for a series of substances are set in the Dangerous Substances Directive 67/548/ EEC. They are grouped harmonizing to some classs presented below. Each type of danger has a hazard phrase ( Rphrase ) consisting of a figure and of the appropriate hazard description ( Ozunu and Anghel, 2007 ; Directive 67/548/ EEC ) . Table 2.6 – LD50 ( unwritten )ClassLD50( mg/kg )SymbolRphraseVery toxic& lt ; 25 T+ R26, R27, R28Toxic25 – 200 Thymine R23, R24, R25Harmful200 – 2000 Xn R20, R21, R25 The current thesis focal points on two major jeopardies, natural 1s, with a instance survey on volcanic ash, and anthropogenetic 1s, with instance surveies on S dioxide ( SO2 ) . Sing volcanic ash, the most serious jeopardies can be associated with its: caustic belongingss on stuffs, i.e. aircraft engines, windscreens, etc. , runing point, the volcanic ash runing inside the turbine due to the high temperatures, and so solidifies in the ice chest parts of the engine s. denseness, the denseness of volcanic ash is comparatively high, dry ash being up to 5 times, wet ash about 20 times denser than snow. This fact represents a major jeopardy to edifices when ash accumulates on the roofs in sufficient measures, taking to prostrations. In the instance of SO2, the major jeopardies are associated with:Quantitative methods used in hazard appraisalQuantitative analysis implies the usage of numerical or quantitative informations and provides quantitative consequences. This attack is more nonsubjective and more precise. It must be mentioned that the quantitative consequences can be extremely affected by the preciseness and cogency of the input parametric quantities. Therefore, the quantitative consequences within the hazard analyses should non be taken into consideration as exact Numberss, but as estimations, with a variable graduated table depending on informations quality ( Torok, 2010 ) .2.4.2.1. ModelingThe representation of world through mold is extremely relevant, since it offers one the possibility to analyze and analyze systems in footings of mathematics and technology. It must be mentioned that a system consists of a set of elements that interact with one another within some bounds. Furthermore, this system has a specific behavior. These bounds are really the 1s that separate the system from the other 1s. These theoretical accounts can be divided into two classs, viz. physical and abstract ( fanciful or mathematical ) theoretical accounts. With respect to the physical theoretical accounts, they describe the system from a physical point of position, utilizing the physical Torahs that apply upon the system under treatment. The mathematical theoretical account of a system describes it in footings of mathematical equations, utilizing simplifying hypotheses. Abstractization works in both ways, i.e. from object to its representation ( theoretical account ) and so back to world. Still, it must be stated that this theoretical account does non picture world all the clip ; it tries to be as closer to it as possible. The more complex a system is, the more complicated the theoretical account becomes. In this context, the purpose of patterning systems and processes utilizing the computing machine is to make a theoretical account that contains a description realistic plenty for the given application. The basic stairss for the accomplishment of a mathematical theoretical account are as follows ( Savii and Savii, 2000 ) : job designation and the pick of variables building of mathematical dealingss among variables utilizing simplifying premises the purchase of information sing the size, importance and interrelatednesss for each variable under treatment the choice of input signals ‘ parametric quantities constitution of province variables proof of premises and dealingss utilizing the right theoretical account harmonizing to the state of affairs.2.4.2.2. SimulationWith the development of information engineering and computation equipment, the scrutiny of theoretical accounts utilizing simulations has become possible. Simulation allows proving those systems ‘ functionality theoretical accounts that have yet to be or are presently in design stage. Simulation is the lone possibility of analyzing the dynamic behavior of such a theoretical account. Discrete simulation, utilizing theoretical accounts of distinct systems, is of great aid for projecting production systems, where issues of optimisation appear ( Savii and Savii, 2000 ) . In the present thesis we focus chiefly on the mathematical mold of the gas pollutants ‘ scattering in the ambiance. Beginning theoretical accounts are used to specify the quantitative emanation scenario of substances by gauging their flow rate, the scattering of substance after release. Dispersion theoretical accounts turn the end products from beginning theoretical accounts into isoconcentration curves specifying concentration countries and cipher the development of concentration in clip. The mass conveyance of molecular-scale fluid occurs through diffusion, with a changeless diffusion velocity throughout its motion. However, unstable scattering is a procedure different from molecular diffusion, since the mass conveyance occurs at assorted scale lengths of the disruptive motion. Disruptive scattering is much more efficient than molecular diffusion. The scattering rate is non changeless ; it depends on the size of the whirl and of that of the cloud of spread pollutant. These whirls can be of different sizes ; on a big graduated table, they determine the motion of the pollutant cloud, whereas on a little graduated table they contribute to its dilution. The energy and size of these whirls determine gas plumes scattering. Their continuance, length and strength are the chief factors that influence this procedure. The mathematical mold of gas pollutants in the ambiance is based on equations of mass, energy and impulse preservation. Such an equation must be established for each pollutant. It represents the fluctuation of atoms ‘ denseness in clip and infinite. From these equations one can acquire a complex system of equations that can be solved by agencies of numerical methods, obtaining the existent behavior of concentration in clip and infinite. A literature reappraisal reveals two chief methods used for picturing the behavior of pollutants released into the ambiance, viz. the Eulerian formalism and the Lagrangian 1. Both methods are used to depict the statistical belongingss of pollutant concentration. The Eulerian formalism starts from ciphering fluid speeds in the ten, Y and omega waies, measured in fixed points in the fluid under treatment. Input information is comparatively easy to obtain from the measuring or mold of discharges, but work outing the mathematical equations system can be really complex, ensuing in inaccurate solutions. Dispersion coefficients can be retrieved utilizing the Pasquill-Gifford graduated table ( Pasquill, 1961 ) . After this, the imission map for a beginning point and meteoric scenario can be developed. The Lagrangian formalism uses the statistical belongingss of some fluid atoms that move passively, freely. As compared to the Eulerian formalism, the mathematical equations system is easier to work out, therefore it is computationally really efficient, and merely the fraction of the sphere really involved in the scattering is simulated. Disruptive procedures are included in the theoretical account in a more natural manner, and there is no important numerical diffusion ( Stohl et al. , 2005 ) . Still, the method ‘s pertinence is limited by the troubles encountered when finding the statistics of fluid atoms. The Lagrangian formalism is applicable upon long-distance scatterings, when the complex topography influences the flow of air-pollutant multitudes. Although the scattering procedure is a typically Lagrangian one, about all information available refering the ambiance are based on Eulerian measurings. Therefore, a relation between the Eulerian belongingss and the Lagrangian 1s is ( widely ) accepted ( Sandu et al. , 2004 ) .

Bargaining Power of Customers Essay Example

Bargaining Power of Customers Essay Example Bargaining Power of Customers Essay Bargaining Power of Customers Essay Bargaining Powers of Customers Porters’ competitive factors theory is a framework for industry analysis and corporate strategy development. It draws an overview picture that industry rivalry is affected by five main forces, which are bargaining powers of customers, bargaining powers of suppliers, threat of new entrant and threats of substitute products. Relating Porters’ thesis and the topic of managing customers, element named bargaining powers of customers, which can be briefly understood as the ability of customers putting to put firm under pressure, is the most important.To be more details, customers who finally consume products has bargaining power refer to the potential of buyers to bargain down the prices charged by the firms in the industry or to increase the firms cost in the industry by demanding better quality and service of product. Strong customers can extract profits out of an industry by lowering the prices and increasing the costs. (Porter, 2008) However , in the 21st century economic context, customers do not only want low price but they also desire to bargain on other aspects such as delivery, supports and performance.Firgure 1: Porters’ Five Competitive Factors Applying Porters’ model to Microsoft, as a company provide software, Microsoft’s customers always demand convenience package of product with affordable price, provision of products, technical supports, products’ performance also efficiency, especially for the group of customers are business as well as enterprises, which can considered as strong customers having direct influence to the company (may be stock price on the market).As is known, human beings want is unlimited so it is easy to understand that customer can bargain on price and quickly delivery at the same time due to the century of technology also faster and faster pace of life. In addition, some customers totally concentrate on requirements of products’ quality and effectiveness in order to minimise the repeating operating expense. Unsatisfactory customers can boycott Microsoft, public bad feedbacks resulting in the customer loss, being defeated by competitors.Microsoft understand the importance of customers so it has provided many programmes with aim to fulfil customers’ needs and make a good deal with them. Customer and Partner Experience (CPE) is one of the most successful customers supporting program of Microsoft. Every year, this team conduct a survey world wide, namely Global Research survey, so as to update customers’ taste as well as expectation. Aiming at raising customers’ opinions, CPE team drives all account managers combining with sales roles to request customers fill out a form.Basing on these examinations, Microsoft sum up a net satisfaction points and put them as goals to improve in the next year. At last but not least, understanding the need of customers on immediately communicate with company, Microsoft have made many direct connection ways available such as hotline (Australian hotline is 13 20 58), social media (Facebook, Twitter), particular email addresses for each different product and Microsoft Connect. With a wide range of instantly communicate, customers can easily get support from Microsoft and their problems can be quickly solved.

Catching Up at a Reunion With English Idioms in Context

Catching Up at a Reunion With English Idioms in Context Here is a dialogue with two friends who meet at their 20th high school reunion. Try reading the dialogue one time to understand the gist without using the idiom definitions. On your second reading, use the definitions to help you understand the text while learning new idioms. Catching Up at a Reunion Doug and Alan are old friends. In fact, they went to high school together twenty years ago. Its been a long time since theyve seen each other. Todays their high school reunion - their twentieth! They meet each other and catch up on what theyve been doing these past twenty years. Doug: ALAN!!!! Its so good to see you again! How long has it been? Twenty years!Alan: Long time no see, buddy. Im so glad I came to the reunion. I had the feeling you would be here. Doug: I wouldnt miss it for the world. Wow, youre dressed to kill.  Alan: Its not every day that we have our twentieth reunion.   Doug: Youve got a point there. Why dont we have a seat and catch up? Im sure youve got plenty of stories.Alan: Im sure you do, too. Lets booze it up a little and exchange stories. Doug: Still drinking, huh?  Alan: Whats thats supposed to mean? Doug: Im just yanking your chain. Of course, were going to drink to celebrate. In fact, I play on having both sheets in the wind by the end of the evening.Alan: Thats my buddy. What are you drinking? Doug: Whisky sour, you?Alan: Im just working on a beer. Doug: So what do you do to bring home the bacon?Alan:   Oh, thats a long story. Its not been so easy, but were getting by. Doug: Really? Im sorry to hear that.Alan: Yeah, well, I, unfortunately, flunked out of college, so I had to take what I could get. Doug: Im sorry to hear that. What happened?  Alan: I just didnt think it was worth the time, so I let my studies slide. Now, I really regret it. Doug: But you look pretty good! Im sure youre doing OK.Alan: Well, I had to find a new goal. I got into sales, and have done quite well. Doug: Im glad to hear everything has worked out for the best.Alan: It hasnt been the best case scenario, but not the worst case scenario either. Doug: Its funny how things go.Alan: Yes, sometimes its best to face the music and make the best of it.   Doug: Yes.Alan: So, enough about me. What about you? Are you among the movers and shakers? Doug: Well, I have to admit, Ive done well.  Alan: Im not surprised. You always had a good head for figures. You went into business, right? Doug: Yes, it was that obvious, wasnt it?Alan: You were kind of a nerd. Doug: Hey, I was not. I was also good in tennis.Alan: I know. Im just pushing your buttons. You were always worried about being called a nerd. Doug: Its been great seeing you again.Alan: You, too Doug. I wish you all the best.   Idioms Used in the Dialogue have a whale of a time to enjoy yourself, have a good timecatch up to see an old friend and discuss lifeboth sheets in the wind very drunkjust what the doctor ordered exactly what someone needs to dodressed to kill wearing very nice clothingbooze it up to drink a lot of alcohol  yank someones chain to joke around with someone, kid someonepush someones buttons to talk about something that you know upsets someonemovers and shakers successful people, the elitebring home the bacon to make money for the familyflunk out to fail classes and have to leave school or collegelong time no see we havent seen each other in a long time!best case scenario the best possible outcome for a situationworst case scenario the worst possible outcome for a situationface the music to accept responsibility for somethinghave a good head for figures to be good at business Its important to learn and use idioms in context. Of course, idioms are not always easy to understand. There are idiom and expression resources that can help with definitions, but reading them in short stories can also provide context that make them come more alive.

Hedge and Exchange Rate Effects Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hedge and Exchange Rate Effects - Coursework Example The model publicities play a role in the features of the industry. For all stated nations, the affiliation amid the publicity and the commerce features is widely consistent with the economic hypothesis (Bodnar & William 29). Bodnar, Gordon and William claim that it was the contribution of leading financiers’ trade and affordability conferences and the Princeton Finance Seminars through helpful remarks. The provision of information on the direct financial speculation of Japan assisted in the recognition of the trends, developments and regressions made in the financial systems of the three nations (Bodnar & William 29). Japanese stock information from the Nikkei NEEDs Databank was made accessible to Firestone Library at Princeton University and acknowledged when making the publicities findings. The dataset that was utilized in this test was one of a kind due to its information on the currency conformation of the assets of the organizations and obligations involved with the gover nments of the three nations.   ling manners: They decreased the share of the debt contracted in foreign currency and, The organizations corresponded more methodically with their overseas currency obligations with assets denominated in foreign currency and export returns This was mainly achieved effectually by decreasing their susceptibility to exchange rate shocks. More widely, this examination offers new proof on the effect of exchange rate regimes on the level of un-hedged foreign currency debt in the commercial sector and therefore on cumulative monetary steadiness. In order to test the strength of these results, Bodnar, Gordon and William verified that these findings support a broad range of circumstances and econometric particulars. Within a panel framework, the writers managed to indicate that the findings are strong to varying techniques for categorizing exchange rate organization and measuring exchange rate flexibility, potentially confounding macroeconomic inspirations, and are not propelled by adjustment s in the protocols of banks’ overseas currency loaning (Bodnar & William 29). Additionally, Bodnar, Gordon and William used an even an event test approach around exchange rate guidelines adjustment so as to contrast the fluctuations in the organizations’ overseas currency liability assets cross-sectional. However, the organizations’ had to have varying levels of overseas currency barriers. After the study, it was discovered that the adoption of flexible exchange rate rules made the organizations’ decrease their un-hedged overseas currency publicities by making use of more methodically offset assets in overseas currency against their dollar debt risk (Bodnar & William 29).  

Film Analysis on Product Development (of the film Kinky Boots) Essay

Film Analysis on Product Development (of the film Kinky Boots) - Essay Example Showing him wearing rubber shoes on his way to London signifies his lack of enthusiasm for the shoe production business. His relocation, together with his fiancà ©e, was to his liking as he wants to get away from his family’s business as soon as possible. But the unexpected death of his father forces him to move back to Northamptom and lay off his workers when he figured out there is no way for him to save the company. There was just not enough market for the shoes they are producing. The four generations that proudly carried on the tradition of Price & Sons over the years was on it last days when he entered the picture. Even his father was already set on selling the factory before his death. On an accidental meeting with drag queen Lola, Charlie was hit with an inspiration to create as he described it, â€Å"proper, good, decent, built-to-last boots† (Joel). As it was that men of their persuasion are forced to buy women’s shoes that are not sturdy enough to withstand the weight of a full size man. Drag queens have very specific needs and wants that women’s shoes do not have. The heels break and their feet would hurt as their weight is carried on their feet that are not supported with proper footwear. The brilliant idea of changing the product of Price & Sons hit Charlie and propelled him to do something to save his family’s company. â€Å"You exploit divergence to create a new category, and the expansion of that new category allows your brand to flourish† (Ries and Ries). This revolutionary marketing idea is one that was apparent in the movie ‘Kinky Boots.’ They were more than the first to take advantage of the marketing niche. They were able to create a new category that was distinguishably new in the shoe making industry. There was no other shoe company that specializes in selling shoes that are made for drag queens who prefer women’s design but are also be fabricated accordingly. With the concept, Charlie